Catholic jurists used both ius gentium and canon law and applied moral standards to international law. Catholic Church, Charlemagne, and subsequent kings supported them.
He was Benedictine monk and codified canon law at Bologna University.
He wrote about papal decretals from Gregory IX [1150 to 1227] to Clement III [1187 to 1191].
He wrote about papal decretals from the first twelve years of Innocent III [1198 to 1210].
He wrote about papal decretals from Clement III and Celestine III [1191 to 1198].
Papal decretals came from Innocent III [1210 to 1215].
He wrote about other papal decretals.
Inquisition under Pope Innocent III started against Albigenses sect in south France.
Gratian taught canon law at University of Bologna and wrote canon law book [1140].
Council ended Great Schism of Catholic Church. However, simony, indulgences, corruption, non-celibacy, poorly educated lower clergy, and emphasis on power and money continued.
Inquisition started under Tomas de Torquemada. He enforced Catholic orthodoxy and censored books and art. Spain threw out Jews and Moors.
Lateran Council under Pope Leo X (Giovanni de Medici) failed to approve reform.
Inquisition ended in Naples.
Inquisition moved to Holy Office, which decided faith, orthodoxy, and censorship matters.
Under Pope Paul IV, it reformed canon law, reformed church practices, and reorganized church. It condemned Pelagianism as heresy.
Under Pope Julius III, it reformed Roman Catholic practices.
Inquisition listed banned books.
Cardinal Charles Borromeo and Pope Pius IV reopened Council of Trent, which reformed clerical life and education and led Catholic Counter-Reformation.
It included Decree of Gratian [1141 to 1150], Decretals of Pope Gregory IX [1234], Sext, Clementines, Extravagants of John XXII, Common Extravagants, and Liber Sextus (Sixth Book) of Boniface VIII.
Spanish Inquisition ended in Spain.
Council stated that Pope was infallible on Roman Catholic Church matters.
He lived 1675 to 1758.
Law, under Pope Benedict XV, replaced Corpus Juris Canonici [1582] of Pope Gregory XIII.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225